Toxicokinetics
This section covers the key components of toxicokinetics
Toxicokinetics
- Definition: The study of the kinetics of toxic substances in the body, focusing on ADME processes
- Purpose: To understand how the body handles toxic substances, predict their distribution and effects, and guide treatment strategies
Toxic Effects, Signs, and Symptoms
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Dose-Response Relationship
- Describes the relationship between the amount of exposure to a toxic substance and the severity of the effects
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Target Organs
- Some toxins selectively target specific organs
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Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Cellular necrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis
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Signs and Symptoms
- Vary based on the substance, exposure route, and individual factors
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Common Toxic Syndromes (Toxidromes)
- Cholinergic, anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, opioid, sedative-hypnotic
Metabolism and Excretion
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Metabolism (Biotransformation)
- Process by which the body chemically alters toxins
- Primary site: Liver
- Purpose: Detoxification (convert to less harmful) or bioactivation (convert to more harmful)
- Phases:
- Phase I: Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis (CYP enzymes)
- Phase II: Conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation, etc.)
- Factors Affecting Metabolism:
- Genetics, age, liver and kidney function, drug interactions
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Excretion
- Process by which the body eliminates toxins
- Primary Routes:
- Kidneys (urine)
- Liver (bile)
- Renal Excretion:
- Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption
- Factors Affecting Excretion:
- Renal and liver function, pH